Research activities can be divided into eight important stages. The first four stages are: basic research, basal research (purposeful basic research), applied research, and development. These stages are what are traditionally called "RD". But research activities should not finish at development stage; the stages of: research for productivity, research for circulation of products, research for use of products, and research for abandonment of products, should also be included. The four latter stages are likely to be taken lightly. However, each stage is important enough to necessitate careful study. They are, then, two common characteristics. First, research activity is evaluated by the usefulness derived from the success of the research, and the chance of success. Second, result of research is classified as simple and comprehensible one or complex one which organizes a system. In addition, I strongly feel that the right of system, that is, intellectual property (the right of intellectual ownership) to be given complex result, should be introduced.

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The trade friction between Japan and Euro-America has augmented to become a structural issue, which will be discussed not only from the view point of industry and the economy, but also from the view point of science and technology and of research and development. Apart from a political aspect, we will study the structure of science and technology and of R&D, as such study had not been done before. In studying science and technology in an international comparison, certain points of view inevitably arise, such as that of national power as production and division of wealth. Among possible indexes, the most important is the changing balance of three poles: Japan, U.S., and Europe. The U.S. dominates in its technology trade; in other words, the control of patent. Against such dominance, Japan has challenged with increasing export of products, and has changed this structural ruling system. Furthermore the amount of Japan's patent application have increased rapidly, decreasing American power to rule technology by using patents. And also Japan is trying to be more global, through such measures as extending R&D bases abroad to search for advanced prospect. But some problems remain; most prominently how to cope with problems arising from heavy interdependence between U.S. and Europe and with technology of military and defense. This paper is an introduction to studying the international structure of the R&D process.

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National development and science & technology (S&T) are connected by a Needs-Resources relationship with national development promoted by innovations in S&T. In this relation, however, one doesn't always have a good effect on the other. In addition, the trade-off among two types of developments - economical development and social development and the progress of S&T is becoming more important. Thus we have to give as much effort to the progress of social science, which contributes to social development, as to that of natural science, which is related to economical development. From a world wide perspective, an important problem in national development is the difference between the north and the south (N-S). To solve this problem, we have to realize more effective N-S relations and improve the exchange of S&T between the north and south. We need assistance from the north, and even more, the great effort by the south. Another problem is that of the global environment. To avoid the destruction of the environment by development and progress in S&T, we should make our development sustainable: one which is ecologically and socially sound. To understand situations such as these, we need to construct a new order for development and improvement of S&T.

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This paper aims at grapsing the present condition of Japan's role in international co-operation in industrial technology for developing countries, and will also look at the future of such relations. Though Japan's spending on technological co-operation is less than that of France, U.S., or W. Germany, it is recently on the rise and reached $853 million in 1978. And Japan is making an efforts to co-operate through such measures as; receiving researchers, sending experts, project type technological co-operation by establishing a technological co-operation center, development and investigation of its needs, research for improvement of its R&D ability, and integrated technological co-operation for promotion of foreign currency acquisition industries. Japan now possesses a wealth of funds and co-operating tools; what is necessary now is to establish the idea and philosophy of international co-operation in industrial technology. I therefore present some new viewpoints on technological co-operation. Each technology is not independent, so we must transfer technology with systematic thought. It is necessary for developing countries to have an opportunity to select the country which has the desirable technology. Instead of transferring technology, we should be transferring innovation ability, because the latter has technology and marketing ability. Because it is no longer possible to avoid problems such as the greenhouse effect, co-operation on a global level is extremely important.

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By focusing on the project ``technology and culture'' and in particular, the collaborative research in progress, called ``explication of the cultural dimension on Biotechnology Policy'', this paper looks at the interrelationship between science and human society. Science has affected human society in various ways, but conversely, this paper stresses that social, economic and political movement have affected science as well, and that some negative aspects of modern technology arise from the reciprocity between these processes. Biotechnology is a most suitable for this theme because its development and its applications to industry and agriculture have brought about the social intensities. Many groups concerned have demanded the priority of policy valuation, which was based on different cultural context and value. This paper deals with relative research to analyze a link between culture and technology, as well. Furthermore basic research to clarify the definition and concept of policy should be essential. The project described above attempts to clarify the arguments of scientists, bureaucrats, and the general public on Biotechnology Policy. How can ``cultural criticism'' be accepted for the science policy? This paper distinguishes between macro-level culture and micro-level culture. Macro-level arguments are valuable for international technological power. Micro-level ones are important because they include systematic framework and social values on science & technological activities. From this paper it can be seen that the empirical research on Biotechnology Policy in U.S.A. offers some cultural features and it will be helpful for Japan.

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日本は、経済的・技術的に非常に活動の盛んな地域の中で、中核的存在になった。この地域の重要性については、経済学者、科学者、そして政治家が、この数年来、等しく認めてきたところである。R&Dの世界では、日米欧の三極からものを考える傾向にあるが、日本は、いまや米欧とともに技術的リーダーの地位にあり、米欧と対等でさえある。日本は、戦後の、そして新しい時代の幕開けの変化の時を迎えている。ヨーロッパについても同じことが言える。EC統一が近づくにつれて、変化が始まっている。多くのヨーロッパの企業は、ヨーロッパの巨大な市場に対し準備しているし、また、生産物やマーケティングに関して、来るべき、より国際的な時代にも備え始めている。この論文は、いくつかの基本的な考えと、ダイムラー・ベンツ社の研究部門がこれらの変化にどのように新しく対応しているかについて説明する。日本において、国際的R&D活動を行うにあたって期待されるいくつかの利点と困難についてリポートする。さらに、企業における変化の傾向と、そしてまた、ハイテク部門に重みが増しているこの時代に合った市場のグローバリゼーションについて考察する。

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Outline of the globalization of technological innovation with examples drawn from the FAST II program (1983-87) The globalization of technology and the economy, and the formation of global enterprises stem from the following reasons. I: The economic crisis in the 1970's II: The technological progress of the communication system and the transportation system III: Intensive information requirements and the reduced life cycle of products and services Mutual agreements to cooperate between enterprises, which is conspicuous in advanced technology, aims at access to new markets, the reduction of risk, and the mutual compensation of technology. This global strategy taken by enterprises is going to have great influence on technological development. Because of mutual agreements between enterprises, the relations among the U.S.A., Japan and Europe (Triadic Power) may solidify in the future. In addition, relations within Europe may solidify through the unification of the European market. Outline of the Monitor program The monitor program consists of the three activities. I: Strategic and impact analysis (SAST) II: FAST forecasting III: Research and studies to improve methodologies and the effectiveness of evaluating of R&D activities (SPEAR) This program will run from 1989 till 1991.

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この論文では、現在価値分析と呼ばれる財政手法を取り入れたR&Dの費用効果の評価手法について考察している。そのために、この論文での費用効果評価には、貨幣は時間価値を持つという概念に基づいた割引キャッシュフロー手順を組み込んでいる。この概念は「貨幣の時間価値(TVM)」と呼ばれ、R&Dのコストや収益に関わるタイミングやさまざまなリスクレベルを考慮したものである。この方法を実際に製品指向の(product-oriented)R&Dの評価に適用することにより、著者は、時間やリスクに敏感なハイテクのR&D,またコストに敏感なグローバルな資本市場において特に、TVM概念は客観的なR&D評価への光明を与え得ると結論づけている。

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この論文では、現在価値分析と呼ばれる財政手法を取り入れたR&Dの費用効果の評価手法について考察している。そのために、この論文での費用効果評価には、貨幣は時間価値を持つという概念に基づいた割引キャッシュフロー手順を組み込んでいる。この概念は「貨幣の時間価値(TVM)」と呼ばれ、R&Dのコストや収益に関わるタイミングやさまざまなリスクレベルを考慮したものである。この方法を実際に製品指向の(product-oriented)R&Dの評価に適用することにより、著者は、時間やリスクに敏感なハイテクのR&D,またコストに敏感なグローバルな資本市場において特に、TVM概念は客観的なR&D評価への光明を与え得ると結論づけている。

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近年エレクトロニクス分野を中心に、規格競争(ほぼ同一の機能をもつ製品に関して、基本的規格の異なる複数の製品が存在する場合に行われる企業間競争)が激化しており、どの規格を選択するか、どのような規格に統一されるかが、企業の業績にも大きな影響を与えてきている。競争戦略の研究からは、リーダー企業のとるべき戦略原則が示されている。その一つに下位企業の徹底した模倣による同質化競争があげられているが、製品の規格がからむ競争の場合には、同質化競争が、かえってリーダーに不利になる状況が起きている。本稿では、規格競争が激化している背景と現状を明らかにしたうえで、規格競争を踏まえた戦略原則を提言しようと試みた。規格競争をとらえる視点としては、市場確立前と確率後に分け、後者についてはさらにリーダーとチャレンジャーという競争地位別に提言を行った。市場確立前には、(1)技術の流れに沿った規格の選択、(2)潜在的に強い力をもった企業との連携、(3)早期にソフトウェアを蓄積し、事実上の「標準」を形成、という戦略が必要である。また、市場確立後にリーダーのとるべき戦略としては、(1)同質化競争のポリシーの明確化、(2)「良い競争業者」をもつ、(3)従来製品との互換性の保持などが重要である。一方チャレンジャーのとるべき戦略としては、(1)互換性を軸に下位連合を形成、(2)技術革新の節目を利用した反撃などがあげられる。

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