X-ray analysis has made remarkable progress over the 120 years since the early 20^th century. At every critical turning point in its history, researchers in X-ray analysis and the related fields have been successful in providing new seeds that can bring a significant impact on all other scientific fields, and in giving suitable solutions to the unsolved scientific mysteries. For further development in the future, what points will be important? The author will discuss the necessity and perspectives of multi-scale and multi-dimensional X-ray analysis, based on 32 years' experience at a national research institute specializing in materials science.